Annemarie Schwarzenbach (23 May 1908, near Zurich, Switzerland – 15 November 1942, Engadin, Switzerland) was a Swiss writer, journalist, photographer and traveler.
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Annemarie was born in Bocken, near Zurich, Switzerland. Her father, Alfred, was a wealthy businessman in the silk industry; her mother, Renée, the daughter of Swiss general and descended from German aristocracy, was a prominent hostess, horsewoman and photographer.
From an early age she began to dress and act like a boy, a behaviour not discouraged by her parents, and which she retained all her life—in fact in later life she was often mistaken for a young man.
At her private school in Zurich she studied only German, history and music, and liked dancing, but her heart was set on becoming a writer. She studied in Zürich and in Paris, and earned her doctorate in history at the University of Zurich at the age of 23. She started work as a journalist while still a student. Shortly after completing her studies she published her first novel "Freunde um Bernhard" (Bernhard's Circle), which was well received. In 1930 she made contact with Erika Mann (daughter of Thomas Mann). She was fascinated by Erika's charm and self-confidence. A relationship developed, which much to Annemarie's disappointment did not last long (Erika had her eye on another woman: the actress Therese Giehse), although they always remained friends. Though still smarting from Erika's rejection, from the following year she spent most of her time in Berlin. She found a soul-mate in Klaus, brother of Erika, and settled in with the Manns as an adoptive family. With Klaus she started experimenting with the use of drugs. She led a fast life in the bustling artistic city that was Berlin towards the close of the Weimar Republic. She lived in Charlottenburg, drove fast cars and threw herself into the Berlin night-life. "She lived dangerously. She drank too much. She never went to sleep before dawn", recalled a friend. Her androgynous beauty fascinated and attracted both men and women.[1]
In 1932 Annemarie planned a car trip to Persia with Klaus and Erika Mann, and a childhood friend of the Manns, Ricki Hallgarten. The evening before the trip was due to start, on 5 May, Ricki, suffering from depression, shot himself in his house in Utting on the Ammersee.
Annemarie's life-style ended with the Nazi take-over in 1933, and Bohemian Berlin disappeared. Tensions with her family increased, as some family members sympathised with the Swiss Fronts, which favoured closer ties with Nazi Germany. Her parents urged Annemarie to renounce her friendship with the Manns and help with the reconstruction of Germany under Hitler. This she could not do—her circle included Jews and political refugees from Germany. Instead later on she helped the Manns finance an anti-Fascist literary review, Die Sammlung.[2] The pressure she felt under led her to attempting suicide, which caused a scandal among her family and their conservative circle in Switzerland.
She took several trips abroad with Klaus Mann, to Italy, France and Scandinavia, in 1932 and 1933. In 1933 also she travelled with the photographer Marianne Breslauer to Spain, to carry out a report on the Pyrenees. Marianne too was fascinated by Annemarie: "She was neither a man nor a woman," she wrote, "but an angel, an archangel". Later that year Annemarie travelled to Persia. After her return to Switzerland, she accompanied Klaus Mann to a Writers Union Congress in Moscow. This was Klaus's most prolific and successful period as a writer. On her next trip abroad she wrote to him suggesting their marrying, although he was a homosexual—nothing came of this proposal.
In 1935 she returned to Persia where, despite her lesbian outlook, she married the French diplomat Claude Clarac, also a homosexual. They had known each other for only a few weeks, and it was a marriage of convenience for both of them. Unfortunately they moved to an isolated area outside Teheran where their lonely existence had an adverse affect on Annemarie. She turned to morphine, which she had been using for years for various ailments, but to which she now became addicted. She returned to Switzerland for a holiday, taking in Russia and the Balkans by car. In Moscow she acquired the films and diary of Lorenz Saladin, a Swiss mountain-climber who had lost his life on the Russian-Chinese border, and took them to Switzerland, with the intention of writing a book on him. However, once home, she could not face returning to the isolation she had experienced in Persia. She rented a house in Sils in Oberengadin, which became a refuge for herself and her friends. She wrote Tod in Persien (Death in Persia), which was not published until 1998, although a reworked version appeared as Das Glückliche Tal (The Happy Valley) in 1940. Here she also wrote what was to become her most successful book, Lorenz Saladin: Ein Leben für die Berge.
In 1937 and 1938 her photographs documented the rise of Fascism in Europe—she was a committed anti-Fascist. She visited Austria and Czechoslovakia. She took her first trip to the USA, where she accompanied her American friend, photographer Barbara Hamilton-Wright, by car along the eastern coast, as far as Maine. They then travelled into the Deep South and to the coal basins of the industrial regions around Pittsburgh. Her photographs documented the lives of the poor and down-trodden in these regions.
In June 1939, in an effort to combat her drug addiction and escape from the hovering clouds of violence in Europe, she embarked on an overland trip to Afghanistan with the ethnologist Ella Maillart. Maillart had "lorry-hopped" from Istanbul to India two years previously and had fond memories of the places encountered on that trip. They set off from Geneva in a small Ford car and travelled via Istanbul, Trabzon and Teheran and in Afghanistan took the Northern route from Herat to Kabul. They were in Kabul when World War 2 broke out. In Afghanistan Annemarie became ill with bronchitis and other ailments, but she still insisted on travelling on to Turkmenistan. In Kabul they split up, Maillart despairing of ever weening her friend away from her drug addiction. They met once more in 1940 as Annemarie was boarding the ship to return her to Europe. The trip is described by Maillart in her book The Cruel Way, which was dedicated to "Christina" (the name Maillart used for Annemarie in the book, at the request of her mother, Renée).[3] It was made into a movie, The Journey to Kafiristan, in 2001.
She is reported to have had affairs with the daughter of the Turkish Ambassador in Teheran and a female archaeologist in Turkmenistan.[4]
After the Afghanistan trip she travelled to the USA, where she met again her friends the Manns. With them she worked with a committee for helping refugees from Europe. However, Erika soon decided to travel to London, which disappointed Annemarie and she soon became disillusioned with her life in the USA. In the meantime another complication had come into her life: in a hotel she met the up-and-coming 23-year old writer Carson McCullers, who fell madly in love with her ("She had a face that I knew would haunt me for the rest of my life", wrote Carson). Carson's passion was not reciprocated—in fact she was devastated at Annemarie's apparent disinterest in her. Annemarie knew that there was no future in a one-sided relationship, and avoided meeting with Carson, but they remained friends and later they conducted a long and tender correspondence.[5] Carson dedicated her next novel, Reflections in a Golden Eye, to Annemarie. Annemarie was also at this time involved in a difficult relationship with the wife of a wealthy man, Baronessa Margot von Opel, and was still struggling with her feelings for Erika Mann.[6] This contributed to another bout of depression which saw her hospitalised and released only under the condition that she leave the USA.
In March 1941 Annemarie arrived back in Switzerland, but she was soon on the move again. She travelled as an accredited journalist to the Free French in the Belgian Congo where she spent some time but was prevented from taking up her position. In May 1942 in Lisbon she met the German journalist Margret Boveri, who had been deported from the USA (her mother, Marcella O'Grady, was American). In June 1942 in Tétouan she met up again with her husband Claude Clarac before returning to Switzerland. While back home she started making new plans – she had been offered a position as a correspondent for a Swiss newspaper in Lisbon. In August her friend the actress Therese Giehse stayed with her at Sils.
On 7 September 1942 in the Engadin she fell from her bicycle and sustained a serious head injury, and, following a mistaken diagnosis in the clinic where she was treated, she died on 15 November. During her final illness her mother permitted neither Claude Clarac, who had rushed to Sils from Marseille, nor her friends, to visit her in her sick bed. After Annemarie's death, her mother destroyed all her letters and diaries. A friend took care of her writings and photographs, which were later archived in the Swiss Literature Archive in Bern.
Throughout much of the final decade of her life she was addicted to morphine (although she wrote prolifically) and was intermittently under psychiatric treatment. She suffered from depression, which she felt resulted from a disturbed relationship with her domineering mother.[3] "She brought me up as a boy and as a child prodigy", Annemarie recalled later of her mother. "She deliberately kept me alone, to keep me with her […]. But I could never escape her, because I was always weaker than her, but, because I could argue my case, felt stronger and that I was right. And while I love her."[1] Her family problems were exacerbated by family members supporting right-wing politicians, while Annemarie hated the Nazis. Despite her problems, Annemarie was extraordinarily prolific: besides her books, between 1933 and 1942 she produced approximately 170 articles and 50 photo-reports for Swiss and German newspapers and magazines.
Annemarie is portrayed by Klaus Mann in two of his novels: as Johanna in Flucht in den Norden (1934) and as the Angel of the Dispossessed in Vulkan (The Volcano, 1939).
Schwarzenbach wrote in German. Many of her works have not been translated to English; see the bibliography in:
